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The Impact of COVID-19 on the Wages and Living Conditions of the Syrian Migrants in Turkey 37 37 We wish to thank the ILO and mentors from Lehigh University and Universidad San Francisco de Quito for their assistance on this Martindale Center and Lehigh University / United Nations Partnership Policy Brief project. Martindale Center for the Study of Private Enterprise Lehigh University College of Business Rauch Business Center, 621 Taylor Street Bethlehem, PA 18015 Tel: (610) 758-4771 / Fax: (610) 758-6549 Executive Director: Todd A. Watkins, Ph.D. Tel (610) 758-4954 / taw4@lehigh.edu Fellowship Advising and United Nations Programs 32 Sayre Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015 (610) 758-4977 / invpia@lehigh.edu Director: Bill Hunter, Ph.D. Tel (610) 758-4505 / wdh3@lehigh.edu that “International organizations, non-governmental orga- nizations, donors, and refugee-hosting country governments therefore need to come together, ensuring that the socio-eco- nomic inclusion of refugees is upheld to the maximum extent possible” (Dempster et al., 29). Only with such collaboration can the world begin to mitigate this ever-worsening crisis. References 1. Buheji, Mohamed & Mavrić, Bartola & Beka, Godfred & Yein, Tulika. “Alleviation of Refugees COVID-19 Pandemic Risks—A Framework for Uncertainty Mitigation.” International Business Research , Vol. 13, no. 7, 2020, pp. 69–79. 2. Ceritoğlu, Evren, et al. “The Impact of Syrian Refugees onNatives’ LaborMarketOutcomes inTurkey: Evidence from a Quasi-Experimental Design.” Working Paper 1705, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. 2017. 3. DanishRefugee Council. COVID-19 Impact onRefugees in South East Turkey. May 2020. 4. De Best, Raynor. “Monthly Exchange Rate of the Turkish Lira to U.S. Dollar from September 2017 to October 2020.” Statista , 20November 2020. 5. Del Caprio, Ximena. The Impact of Syrian Refugees on the Turkish Labor Market. World Bank Group. August 2015. 6. Dempster, Helen, et al. “Locked Down and Left Behind: The Impact of COVID-19 on refugees’ Economic Inclusion.” Center for Global Development. 8 July 2020. 7. Erdogan, Murat. Syrian Refugees in Turkey. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. September 2019. 8. European Union/ECHO. The Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN): Offering a Lifeline to Vulnerable Refugees in Turkey. 23 December 2020. 9. Fikret, Adaman. Turkey: Active Labor Market Policies for Syrian Refugees are also Supporting the Local Population Affected by the Refugee Influx. ESPN Flash Report. February 2019. 10. Leghtas, Izza. Insecure Future: Deportations and Lack of Legal Work for Refugees in Turkey. Refugees International. September 2019. 11. O’Rourke, Anne. TIAFI Foundation. Personal commu- nication. 18 January 2021. 12. Ostrand, Nicole. “The Syrian Refugee Crisis: A Comparison of Responses by Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States.” Journal on Migration and Human Security , July 2015. 13. Toren, Tolga. “Documentation Report: Syrian Refugees in the Turkish Labor Market.” ICDD Working Papers. July 2018. 14. Tsukamoto, Mito. Interview: Informal Economy Work- ers “Significantly Impacted.” OPEC Fund Quarterly , March 2020. 15. Turkey Food Inflation: 2004–2020 Data; 2021–2023 Forecast; Historical; Chart. Turkish Statistical Institute. Trading Economics . 16. “Turkey Raises 2021 MinimumWage by 21.56%.” Daily Sabah , 28 December 2020. 17. Turkish Ministry of Family, Labor and Social Services, “Net Account of MinimumWage and Cost to Employer.” Years 2016–2021. https://www.ailevecalisma.gov.tr/tr- tr/asgari-ucret/ 18. Turkish Red Crescent and World Food Programme. Refugees in Turkey: Livelihoods Survey Findings. Ankara, Turkey, 2019. 19. Üstübici, Ayşen, & Karadağ, Sibel. Refugee Protection in TurkeyduringtheFirstPhaseoftheCOVID-19Pandemic. Turkey InterimReport. Istanbul: Koç University, 2020. 20. World Bank. World Development Indicators. 2021.