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COVID-19 Impact on Human Trafficking: Racial Disparities and Social Media Use 33 difficult remoteworkingenvironment, aswell as the increased workload,wouldbe increasing thenumberofNationalHotline staff. But longer term, and ultimately more important, it will be necessary to enhance preventive measures, such as widespread anti-poverty programs, workplace inspections, and more widespread educational programming, both in the corporate world and via social media. References 1. The 2019 Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthoriza- tionAct: ATopical Summary andAnalysis of Four Bills.” Polaris , 14 January 2020. 2. American Civil Liberties Union. Human Trafficking: Modern Enslavement of Immigrant Women in the United States. 2021. 3. Anthony, Brittany. “On-Ramps, Intersections, and Exit Routes: A Roadmap for Systems and Industries to Prevent and Disrupt Human Trafficking.” Polaris, July 2018. 4. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Characteristics of Suspected Human Trafficking Incidents, 2008-2010. US Gov., April 2011. 5. Davey, Samantha. Black Women and Girls: Sex Trafficking in the U.S. Congressional Black Caucus Foundation. 2020. 6. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report, 20th Edition. USGPO. June, 2020. 7. Elflein, John. “COVID-19 New York City Hardships by Race September 2020.” Statista , 10November 2020. 8. Ferguson, Danielle. “Law Enforcement, Native Communities Focus on Sex Trafficking Prevention Training.” Argus Leader , 27 August 2016. 9. Gould, Elise, and Wilson, Valerie. Black Workers Face Two of the Most Lethal Preexisting Conditions for Coronavirus-Racism and Economic Inequality. Economic Policy Institute. 1 June 2020. 10. “Human Trafficking During the COVID-19 Pan- demic.” Polaris , 11 June 2020. 11. International Labour Organization (ILO a). Ending Forced Labour by 2030: A Review of Policies and Programmes. 2019. 12. International Labour Organization (ILO b). Ending Child Labour, Forced Labour and Human Trafficking in Global Supply Chains. 12 November 2019. 13. Lopez, Mark Hugo, et al. Financial and Health Impacts of COVID-19 Vary Widely by Race and Ethnicity. Pew Research Center. 3 September 2020. 14. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Devel- opment (OECD). What Is the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Immigrants and Their Children? 19 October 2020. 15. Racial and Gender Disparities in the Sex Trade.” Rights4Girls , May 2019. 16. “Racial Disparities, COVID-19, and Human Traffick- ing.” Polaris , 29 July 2020. 17. “Sex Trafficking Is Still Happening – and May Be More Violent Than Ever.” Polaris , 20 April 2020. 18. Todres, F, & Diaz, A. “COVID-19 and Human Traffick- ing—The Amplified Impact on Vulnerable Populations.” JAMA Pediatrics , Vol. 175, no. 2. 19. Vavra, Kassidy. “Landlord BustedOffering Free Rent for Sex with ‘Submissives’ during Pandemic.” The US Sun . 1 May 2020. 20. US Labor Department. Employment Report, 8 May 2020. 21. Williamson, Celia. Human Trafficking Prevention Webinar. Emancipation Nation Network. We wish to thank the ILO and mentors from Lehigh University and Universidad San Francisco de Quito for their assistance on this Martindale Center and Lehigh University / United Nations Partnership Policy Brief project. Martindale Center for the Study of Private Enterprise Lehigh University College of Business Rauch Business Center, 621 Taylor Street Bethlehem, PA 18015 Tel: (610) 758-4771 / Fax: (610) 758-6549 Executive Director: Todd A. Watkins, Ph.D. Tel (610) 758-4954 / taw4@lehigh.edu Fellowship Advising and United Nations Programs 32 Sayre Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015 (610) 758-4977 / invpia@lehigh.edu Director: Bill Hunter, Ph.D. Tel (610) 758-4505 / wdh3@lehigh.edu