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Empowering Domestic Workers in the Gulf States: First Steps Toward Organizing 25 25 We wish to thank the ILO and mentors from Lehigh University and Universidad San Francisco de Quito for their assistance on this Martindale Center and Lehigh University / United Nations Partnership Policy Brief project. Martindale Center for the Study of Private Enterprise Lehigh University College of Business Rauch Business Center, 621 Taylor Street Bethlehem, PA 18015 Tel: (610) 758-4771 / Fax: (610) 758-6549 Executive Director: Todd A. Watkins, Ph.D. Tel (610) 758-4954 / taw4@lehigh.edu Fellowship Advising and United Nations Programs 32 Sayre Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015 (610) 758-4977 / invpia@lehigh.edu Director: Bill Hunter, Ph.D. Tel (610) 758-4505 / wdh3@lehigh.edu 2. Amnesty International. “Why Do You Want to Rest?”: Ongoing Abuse of Domestic Workers in Qatar. 20 August 2020. 3. Begum, Rothna. “Domestic Workers in Middle East Risk Abuse amid COVID-19 Crisis.” Al Jazeera , 6 April 2020. 4. Burrow, Sharan. Facilitating Exploitation: A Review of Labour Laws for Migrant Domestic Workers in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. International Trade Union Confederation. 6 September 2017. 5. Duong, Yen. “Overworked, Abused, Hungry: Vietnamese Domestic Workers in Saudi.” Al Jazeera , 19 September 2018. 6. Everist, Audrey, et al. “Working for Labor Laws to Protect DomesticWorkers in the Gulf.” IPI Global Observatory , 15 March 2018. 7. Gallotti, Maria. Making Decent Work a Reality for Mi- grant DomesticWorkers. DomesticWork Policy brief, no. 9. International Labour Organization. 17 December 2015. 8. HelperChoice. Find Amazing Domestic Helpers! 9. Hobden, Claire. Improving Working Conditions for Do- mestic Workers: Organizing, Coordinated Action and Bargaining. Labour Relations and Collective Bargaining, Issue Brief, no. 2. International Labour Organization. November 2015. 10. International Domestic Workers Federation. Affiliates. 24 September 2020. 11. International Labour Organization (ILO a). Landmark Labour Reforms Signal End of Kafala System in Qatar. 16 October 2019. 12. International Labour Organization (ILO b). Dismantling the Kafala System and Introducing a Minimum Wage Mark NewEra for Qatar LabourMarket. 30 August 2020. 13. Interview. Former Forced Domestic Worker. 20 January 2021. 14. Kagan, Sophie. Domestic Workers and Employers in the Arab States: Promising Practices and Innovative Models for a Productive Working Relationship. International Labour Organization, 2017. 15. Migrant Rights. Ensure Access to Communication for Domestic Workers. Migrant Rights.org. 16. Murray, Heather E. “Hope for Reform Springs Eternal: How the Sponsorship System, Domestic Laws and Tradi- tional Customs Fail to Protect Migrant Domestic Work- ers in GCC Countries.” Cornell Interanion Law Journal , Vol. 45, no. 2. 2012. 17. My Fair Home. International Domestic Workers Found- ation. 18. Qatar: New Law Gives Domestic Workers Labor Rights: Needs Enforcement Mechanisms, Human Rights Watch. 24 August 2017. 19. Rullo, Matthew, &Varia, Nisha. Claiming Rights. Human Rights Watch. 25 July 2019. 20. Tayah, Marie-José. Decent Work for Migrant Domestic Workers: Moving the Agenda Forward. International Labour Organization. Geneva, 2016. 21. Zimmerman, Sarah. “Mending the Protection and Prose- cution Divide: Looking at Saudi Arabia Human Traffick- ing Flaws andPossibilities.” WashingtonUniversityGlobal Studies Law Review , Vol. 14, no. 3, 2016.