Perspectives Vol42

9 MARTINDALE CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF PRIVATE ENTERPRISE Hekking, M. (2020, September 24). Morocco dominates MENA region in purchases of US arms. Morocco World News. Hill, T. M. (2023, January 19). A newly assertive Algeria seizes an opportunity. United States Institute of Peace. Horne, A. (1978). A savage war of peace: Algeria 19541962. The Viking Press. Hughes, S. O. (2001). Morocco under King Hassan. Ithaca Press. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2008.00205_3.x International Institute of Strategic Studies. (2021, November). The end of the ceasefire in Western Sahara. International Trade Administration. (2023). Morocco Country Commercial Guide. Katz, M. N. (2007). Russia and Algeria: Partners or competitors? Middle East Policy Council. Khakee, A. (2011, June). The Western Saharan autonomy proposal and political reform in Morocco. Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center. Landmine Action. (2012). Survey and clearance – Western Sahara. https://web.archive.org/web/20121006070228/ http://www.landmineaction.org/activities/activity.asp?PLID=1021 Lederer, E. M. (2021, October 29). UN urges talks on Western Sahara after cease-fire breakdown. Associated Press. Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History. (2023). Independence for Morocco and Tunisia. University of Luxembourg. Mhidi, M. B. (2017, July 27). Morocco and Algeria keep building more barriers. The Economist. Morocco troops launch operation in Western Sahara border zone. (2020, November 13). Al Jazeera. Ouhemmou, M. (2023, May 18). Tense neighbors, Algeria and Morocco have divergent migration histories. Migration Policy Institute. Polisario Front’s commander, three Western Sahara fighters killed by drone. (2023, September 2). Arab News. Rachidi, I. (2022, May 3). Morocco and Algeria: A long rivalry. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Saddiki, S. (2020, September 17). Border walls in a regional context: The case of Morocco and Algeria. In A. Bissonnette & E. Valet (Eds.), Borders and border walls: In-security, symbolism, vulnerabilities. Routledge. Security Council Report. (2023, October 27). Western Sahara: Vote on a draft resolution renewing MINURSO’s mandate*. United Nations. Schuettler, K. (2017 January 13). A second regularization campaign for irregular immigrants in Morocco: When emigration countries become immigration countries. World Bank Blogs. Skretteberg, R. (Ed.) (2008). Occupied country, displaced people. Norwegian Refugee Council. Tian, N., da Silva, D. L., Liang, X., Scarazzato, L., Beraud-Sudreau, L., & Assis, A. (2023, April). Trends in worldwide military expenditure, 2022. SIPRI. doi:10.55163/PNVP2622 United Nations. (1975, November 14). Declaration of principles on Western Sahara by Spain, Morocco and Mauritania. United Nations. (1979, November 21). Resolutions adopted on the reports of the Fourth Committee (75th plenary meeting, 1979). United Nations. (2023). Mandate. United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara. United Nations Peacekeeping. (2024). MINURSO fact sheet. World Bank. (2023a). Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Algeria. World Bank Group. World Bank. (2023b). Military expenditure (% of GDP) – Morocco, low income. World Bank Group. Wyrtzen, J. (2022). Worldmaking in the long great war: How local and colonial struggles shaped the modern Middle East. Columbia University Press. SAMUEL R. GINN graduated with highest honors from Lehigh University in May 2024 with a B.A. in history and international relations as a member of the Eckardt Scholars Program. For his capstone project, Sam researched the arms trade and violence as forces of nation building in the Ottoman Balkans. Working with the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Belgrade, Serbia, he previously researched the effects of literature on the securitization of the Serbian national identity prior to the outbreak of the Yugoslav Wars. Sam was awarded a Boren Scholarship to study Serbian in 2024–2025.

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