73 MARTINDALE CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF PRIVATE ENTERPRISE protection and smart city governance with countries like Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines to help bolster their digital resilience. Recommendations Implementing multiple regulatory reforms would strengthen Taiwan’s cybersecurity infrastructure. Cyber threats evolve dynamically, so regulatory frameworks demand periodic updates to stay responsive. One such avenue is the Sustainable Development Best Practice Principles, a set of voluntary guidelines issued by the Taiwan Stock Exchange and Taipei Exchange. These principles encourage publicly listed companies—especially in the technology sector—to enhance corporate governance and risk management practices, including those related to information security and data protection. The Personal Data Protection Act must be expanded to protect users better from data misuse as data breach incidents grow more sophisticated. The island could consider enacting legal reforms to increase cybercrime penalties for attacks on critical infrastructure and government security systems. Deepening public–private partnerships is also critical for improving Taiwan’s cyber resilience capabilities. The Information Sharing and Analysis Centers in Taiwan function to support threat intelligence sharing between entities. The framework needs extension to create permanent institutions that enable time-sensitive data exchange, best practices distribution, and incident response coordination. The development of protective legal frameworks must form the foundation for securing private sector participation through mutual trust. Adoption of the MITRE ATT&CK framework—a globally recognized, open-source knowledge base of adversary tactics and techniques used in real-world cyberattacks—would improve Taiwan’s threat modeling and response planning. A unified cyber coordination authority integrating MODA, the Ministry of National Defense, the National Communications Commission, and private sector representatives would strengthen multidomain attack response. Taiwan’s cybersecurity ecosystem relies heavily on civil society networks and public–private partnerships, but this collaborative approach faces several implementation challenges. The DCS supports critical sector development of Information Sharing and Analysis Centers, enabling rapid coordinated threat response (Huang, 2020). However, as these partnerships increasingly incorporate AI-powered autonomous cybersecurity tools, experts advocate modifying civil liability laws to establish proper oversight for AI penetration testing, which is becoming widespread (Wang, 2024). These legal and technological complexities are compounded by fundamental capacity constraints: Taiwan lacks sufficiently skilled cybersecurity personnel and suffers from fragmented agency oversight, while simultaneously confronting evolving threats that merge cyberattacks with disinformation operations. The development of long-term cybersecurity capabilities requires Taiwan to dedicate substantial funding for workforce growth. Educational organizations are encouraged to establish specialized cybersecurity training programs that receive government certification and can be used in universities, vocational schools, and public service training. Combining academic training with private sector work experience apprenticeships will help bridge the gap between theoretical preparation and real-world readiness. Taiwan’s workforce development needs structured changes since it lags Japan and South Korea. Elevating media and digital literacy as policy priorities enhances societal resilience. Programs must deliver training in digital ethics, content verification, and critical thinking skills across all population groups. Educator training can benefit from integrated digital skills, while civic engagement programs would incorporate media literacy training to strengthen democracy. Taiwan should create a disinformation early warning system that combines social media monitoring with civic alert tools to identify coordinated manipulation schemes in real-time—for instance, a deepfake detection program launched in Taiwan through collaboration among civic technologists, AI researchers, and linguists to develop Mandarin language–specific open-source detection tools for culturally relevant narratives. A nonpartisan board could monitor viral content, particularly during elections. Major social media platforms, such as Meta, Line, and TikTok, would need to sign agreements with Taiwan, demanding both transparency reports and immediate takedown protocols for verified disinformation. Permanent support for civic tech organizations, including g0v and CoFacts, can be elevated. Creating a fund to invest in digital democracy would provide resources to expand grassroots innovations that develop transparent systems and promote public engagement and service-oriented technological solutions. Pairing civic hackathons with grants enables a community to generate fresh approaches for fighting disinformation and improving e-governance platforms. Taiwan’s cyber resilience strategy requires citizen-led innovation as its fundamental foundation. The digital infrastructure of Taiwan calls for comprehensive protection against both information security threats and physical risks. Critical civilian
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