Abstracts

105 financial modelers, and analysts, among others. This is a key recommendation for the future if this technology is to be implemented. Incentives to provide rewards and penalties for individuals to participate in waste management practices that support the development of AD technologies and the required infrastructure supporting them should be developed. These should include programs to further increase source separation, collection, and transportation of organic waste from the generation site to the final processing site. The best way to facilitate an organic waste market is to modify the existing healthy recoverable material markets to facilitate organic waste. This leverages existing infrastructure at buyback facilities to handle the exchange and purchase of organic waste. The seller side could be individuals or SMEs set up with the incentivized goal of collecting waste. Organic waste buyback incentives have been proposed by Hettiarachchi and colleagues (2018). They include providing citizens with waste bins, taxing organic products prone to waste at higher rates, and paying the supplier by weight. The purchaser side of the market initially would be the responsible government entity or the commissioner of the initial AD project. As competition increases, more players presumably can enter the purchasing side as well. Entrepreneurial Opportunities The expansion of waste and associated environmental services programs presents entrepreneurial opportunities for the creation of SMEs with their associated employment. One of the NWMS’s primary goals is to grow the contribution of the waste sector to the green economy by creating 2600 SMEs that will employ 69,000 new workers in waste service delivery and resource recovery (Department of Environmental Affairs, 2011). The NWMS also warns local governing authorities that effective implementation of its recommendations cannot be successfully accomplished by the public/government sector alone; the public sector must partner with and seek the active involvement of private industry, NGOs, nonprofits, community-based organizations, and cooperatives/trade unions. There are many national and international funds that support entrepreneurial activity in the sustainable development domain, of which waste management is certainly a major part. South Africa has extremely poor rates of entrepreneurship and business ownership overall, particularly amongst black citizens, which the government has attempted to solve via subsidizing large programs such as the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) program (see the article by Buonasora in this volume). Given that a majority of the waste problems occur in poor areas, where mostly black citizens reside, the potential for BBBEE to be involved in relation to waste management is fitting. Entrepreneurial activity leads to job creation, of which South Africa is in dire need, with unemployment rates exceedingly high. AD technologies implemented in the right ways not only can solve the direct environmental and public health concerns related to the mismanagement of waste but also help potentially address the overall poor economic state of the nation when it comes to the creation of private enterprise and added employment. The Southern African Biogas Industry Association (SABIA) is a leading group composed of academic and practicing business professionals, which actively monitors the emerging markets surrounding biogas in South Africa. SABIA has published projections for job market growth, if broad-based adoption of organic material waste-to-energy projects are in operation throughout the country (SABIA, 2016). SABIA estimates that by 2030 a conservative estimate of 59,000 new jobs can be created through direct employment (operations and maintenance of facilities) in the biogas market (SABIA, 2016). There are no estimates for the auxiliary services and products markets, which include digestate and fertilizer markets, but they would only add to the employment opportunities. Collectively then, the job creation ability of AD technology can reinforce expansion of and improvements in the waste management domain. Conclusion As South Africa’s urban areas continue to grow, greater amounts of waste will be produced, and a growing demand for energy